How

To Get SQL Server Information

SELECT @@VERSION AS Version;

-- Output: Microsoft SQL Server 2012 - 11.0.2100.60 (X64)   Feb 10 2012 19:39:15   Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation  Standard Edition (64-bit) on Windows NT 6.1 <X64> (Build 7601: Service Pack 1) (Hypervisor)

SELECT 
    SERVERPROPERTY('Edition') AS Edition,
    SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion') AS ProductVersion,
    SERVERPROPERTY('ProductMajorVersion') AS ProductMajorVersion,
    SERVERPROPERTY('ProductMinorVersion') AS ProductMinorVersion,
    SERVERPROPERTY('ProductBuildType') AS ProductBuildType,
    SERVERPROPERTY('ProductBuild') AS ProductBuild,

    SERVERPROPERTY('ProductLevel') AS ProductLevel,
    SERVERPROPERTY('ProductUpdateLevel') AS ProductUpdateLevel,
    SERVERPROPERTY('ProductUpdateReference') AS ProductLevel,

    SERVERPROPERTY('InstanceDefaultDataPath') AS InstanceDefaultDataPath,
    SERVERPROPERTY('InstanceDefaultLogPath') AS InstanceDefaultLogPath;

/*
Output:
Edition                        ProductVersion    ProductMajorVersion    ProductMinorVersion    ProductBuildType    ProductBuild    ProductLevel    ProductUpdateLevel    ProductLevel        InstanceDefaultDataPath    InstanceDefaultLogPath
Standard Edition (64-bit)    11.0.2100.60    NULL                NULL                NULL                NULL            RTM    NULL        NULL                S:\SQLData\Data\    S:\SQLData\LOGS\
*/

select @@microsoftversion / 0x01000000 AS Version, @@microsoftversion & 0xFFFF AS Build;

/* Output

Version     Build
----------- -----------
11          2100
*/

To Get Databases Information

master.dbo.sysdatabases

SELECT 
        name, suser_sname(sid) AS Owner, crdate, dbid, cmptlevel
FROM 
        master.dbo.sysdatabases;

sp_helpdb

Reports information about a specified database or all databases.

sp_helpdb [ [ @dbname= ] 'name' ]

Problems running sp_helpdb in SQL Server

Problem

"Cannot insert the value NULL into column '', table ''; column does not allow nulls. INSERT fails."

Solution

This error is generally due to the database not having a valid owner.

To Get Connection Information

SELECT APP_NAME();

SELECT PROGRAM_NAME();

SELECT [program_name] FROM sys.dm_exec_sessions WHERE session_id = @@SPID;

To Get Client Information

SELECT HOST_ID(), HOST_NAME();

To Fix Databases without Owner

To find out all databses without owner.

SELECT 
        name, suser_sname(sid) AS Owner, crdate,dbid, cmptlevel
FROM 
        master.dbo.sysdatabases
WHERE
        suser_sname(sid) IS NULL;

To Compare Database

https://codingsight.com/different-ways-to-compare-sql-server-tables-schema-and-data/